FR

USMC武装侦察连(ForceRecon)英文缩写

FR（FORCE RECON）一般翻译作强侦连，是美国海军陆战队两栖侦察部队。

因为该特种部队肩负著作先行侦查等相关特战任务，因此该部所执行的任务十分多样化（城镇/CQB/2/登舰/绿色地带）。该部队也是精英中的精英，只不过由于大多数人由于影视作品的关系而只注重RANGER、DELTA、以及LAPD而忽略了这一支隶属于美国海军陆战队的特战部队。印象中有FR出场的影片相当少，尼古拉斯凯奇主演的《勇闯夺命岛》算是其中比较有名的一部。（注：原片中反派应为FR前身det1，突击队为seal。）

说起这个美国海军陆战队两栖侦察部队，还和NAVY SEAL还有着一定的渊源。这个NAVY SEAL就是我们常说海豹特种部队。美国海军陆战队两栖侦察部队源自二次大战的海军陆战队，在作两栖登陆战前，需要一支部队作任务侦察及收集情报。1942年海军陆战队为了在北非登陆而成立两栖任务侦察编组，但后来并未成行。直至1943年两栖任务侦察编组又改组为两栖任务侦察连，并派往太平洋战区，由潜艇进行对各岛礁的侦察及敌情收集活动。翌年增加队员人数至侦察，并参加硫磺岛、琉球岛等重要的登陆战。在韩战期间，海军陆战队两栖侦察部队与海军水下爆破队共同执行登陆前的侦察和爆破任务，并数次深入敌军阵地，执行桥梁与各种军事目标的破坏。韩战结束后，部队加强部队之任务要求及配合当时新直升机战术，队员开始接受空降先遣导航训练与内陆长距离侦察训练。60年代海军为了新作战需求，成立了著名的海豹突击队，在理论上接替海军两栖侦察部队，但是至今仍不认为海豹突击队能完全正式取替正统的两栖侦察部队。在越战期间两栖侦察部队，经常配合陆军部队绿扁帽特种部队、中央情报局与海豹突击队，进行渗透北越、寮国和高棉执行一些政府不承认的特别任务。1991年波斯湾战争时，美国海军陆战队两栖侦察部队在科威特海岸做了数次敌军兵力侦察和评估。让伊拉克军误以为美军会大举在海岸进行两栖登陆。现时FORCE RECON的主要任务为：执行两栖登陆及远程侦察、监视、机密器材回收、拯救人质、配合海军陆战队远征军（MEU）执行非正规作战任务，以及配合其他特种作战单位执行任务。

USMC FORCE RECON并不属于USSOCOM的编制下，非作战时期不会受到USSOCOM指挥。在作战时期或执行作战任务时，两栖侦察部队亦会接受USSOCOM指挥。

FORCE RECON在编制上分为：

两栖侦察一连：驻加州Pendleton海军陆战队基地，负责印度洋与中东地区。

两栖侦察二连：驻北卡罗莱纳州Lejeune海军陆战队基地，负责大西洋及地中海地区。

两栖侦察五连：驻琉球海军陆战队基地，负责太平洋地区。

每个两栖侦察连，在队员编制上都有不同，部队因应驻守地域大小编成。整体上，连长由陆战队中校担任，每个连由六个排组成，排长由上尉担任。每排下辖管理四至五个侦察班，每个班由5名队员组成，由一名士官领导。另有本部连，工作范围包括，惰报处理、部队通信及后勤支援。

FORCE RECON资格的取得

加入FORCERECON，是一个漫长的过程．任何陆战队员，不论任何军阶均可申请。申请人，首先需要有一个服役证明（一般为3-5年）。FORCERECON需要一流的陆战队员，必须通过体能测试、游泳、射击测试，他需要获得105分。训练第一阶段将要求参训者全副武装靠一份地图，日夜巡逻。在每月最后一个星期四、可以申请参加考试。体能测试标准（心肺功能），满分300，士兵要求达到275分，军官要求达到285分。即使通过了考试，但是体能训练将伴随整个训练阶段，因为健身是一项永不休止的事。因为是海军陆战队两栖侦察队的性质，所以接下来是残酷的水中训练。队员将接受长达10英里的全装备野外游泳训练，身上的装备重量高达50磅。如果他成功地完成这项测试身体，他接受心理检查接受军官的问讯。完成以上考核后淘汰率接近50%。如果队员通过自身努力通过了考核，并成功融入一个排说明他已经作好加入FORCE RECON的身心准备，并做出了承诺。这时，队员原部队的指挥官必须同意释放他--这并不容易。很多原上级军官许相信FORCE RECON就抽掉了他们队里的一个精英。队员将在FORCE RECON里服役5年，可能延期2年，最后将回归原部队或其他单位，这时他们将带了大量的专业知识和自信回归。

训练部署计划

训练部署计划分五个阶段，每个排每两年进行一次，不断循环。

第一阶段：Individual Training Phase

第二阶段：Unit Training

第三阶段：MEU（SOC） Training Phase

第四阶段：MEU（SOC）Deployment

第五阶段：Post Deployment Phase

第一阶段将持续大约6个月，每个排将回到连队基地。主要是的基本技能训练和侦察技能训练（MOS qualified Marine 8654）。

这些不过是完整个训练的准备开和始。以下是第一阶段训练项目：

Basic Reconnaissance Course - All members 侦察基本技能训练　全体十二周时间

Basic Airborne School - All members 基本机降技能训练　全体三周时间

USMC Combatant Dive School - All members USMC 潜水技能训练全体八周时间

SERE School - All members 野外生存技能训练全体

Military Free Fall School - All members 伞降技能训练全体

Ranger School - All team leaders and above Ranger 技能训练每队队长和队长以上军官

Static Line Jumpmaster Course - 2 per platoon 高跳高开伞兵课程　每排2个人

Military Free Fall Jumpmaster Course - 2 per platoon 高级自由落体伞降课程每排2个人

HRST Master Course - 2 per platoonhrst 高级HRST训练每排2个人

Dive Supervisor Course - 2 per platoon 高级潜水技能训练每排2个人

LAR V Technician Course - 2 per platoon 两栖作战技能训练每排2个人

Ammunition Drivers Course - 2 per platoon 武力侦搜车驾驶技能每排2个人

USMC Scout/ Sniper Course - 1 per team 狙击技能训练每队1个人

Mountain Leaders Course （Summer） - 1 per team 山地领导技能（夏）每队1个人

Mountain Leaders Course （Winter） - 1 per team 山地领导技能（冬）每队1个人

Laser Operators Course - 1 per team 激光制导技能训练每队1个人

基本上第一阶段训练时间最长、最艰苦。有的队员甚至接受了将近72周的训练。

第二阶段是部队训练期阶段，为期六个月的时间。以排为基本单位,完成所有课程的基本训练。这一阶段的主要目的是为了让排长领导队员获得团队合作技巧并展开两栖侦察。

以下是第二阶段课程：

先进的远程通讯

由于需要进行深入侦察显示，因此每个排必须熟练掌握各种精密的通讯设备操作技能，包括人工莫尔斯代码、远程高频(高频)、卫星、多波段、数字通信等。

各种武器射击与战术方案执行训练

在 Camp Pendelton，CA训练营，训练时间是三周。涵盖了MEU （SOC）和0.45口径的手狗与以及SOPMOD M4A1卡宾。第1至2周，每个Marine的将射击5000- 8000发，用来熟悉各种武器。第三周都花在了有l直升机配合的fam训练，包括AH-1J 近距离空中支援、陆战队CH-27、国民卫队UH-60's和海军seahawks。每个排也接到排与排配合训练，和熟练使用短武器训练（SESAMS），包括CQBW and MEU（SOC）pistol。

熟悉其他国家环境及武器训练

在美国陆军国家训练中心为期一周。能够利用对手的武器，可能意味着生存和死亡的区别。训练主要涉及其他国家的轻武器的威胁。这一方案主要由The Foreign Material Acquisition and Exploitation Unit （FMAEU）负责，主要是识别和熟悉苏联及非苏联华沙条约（nswp）设备。

火力支援训练

在圣克莱门特、棕榈岛等基地进行两周训练包。包括复习海军陆战队的基本知识呼叫支援火力，特别使诽定翼和直升机CAS （Close Air Support）。NGSF （Naval Gun Surface Fire近距离空中支援舰炮水面）激光制导设备使用（Laser designating equipment control CAS）。

高跳高开训练

为期3周，利用MC-5 Ram Air Parachute进行 Low Level Static Line parachute techniques to High Altitude High Opening（HAHO）训练，包括使用夜视器材利用降落伞从24999英尺跳伞。

两栖登陆训练

为期2周，在 Seal Beach and San Diego训练，包括远程航海导航、水文测量、发射和回收，是从各种舰艇，包括水面舰艇和潜艇，出发和回归训练。

战斗潜水训练

为期2周，重点利用 HMMWV's and IFAV's （Improved Fast Assault Vehicle）进行闭式呼吸潜水。

机动侦察训练

包括驾驶、使用IFAV（完善快速攻击车）在沙漠环境中进行必要的情报搜集工作。训练地点经常变换，一般在 Yuma or 29 Palms。

战场急救训练

在模拟作战环境下寻找伤员并根据伤情进行二次救治和转移。

通过第2阶段培训，每个排队员能完成各种侦察任务。更重要的是，他们经过6个月的密集训练相互团结在一起，取得了彼此的信任。

第三阶段是MEU（SOC）训练。

每个排将在the Special Operations Training Group（SOTG）训练下进行MSPF训练。The Maritime Special Purpose Force（MSPF）是有海空配合小队进行作战的训练，主要训练force recon与其他部队的协同作战能力包括陆战队的战机、海军的军舰甚至SEAL也会加入协同训练。课程涵盖CQB、爆炸物使用与处理、城市狙击等。训练在真实城市环境下城市作战能力或socex（特种作战演习验证）。

（CQB的英文全称是CLOSE QUARTER BATTLE,翻译过来是室内近距离战斗,这个对于各个特种部队以及FORCE RECON都是必修的科目）

第四阶段是部署阶段。

长达6个月的部署在波斯湾或西太平洋海军陆战队，或者在地中海东岸的海军陆战队。并在MEU中坚持每天的基本训练。

第五阶段是休假整顿。

经过18个月的训练和部署，队员将获得30天的休假. 大约50%的队员会离开，这时部队是不满编的。

以下为部分英文介绍：

Part I : History, Mission and Organization

The United States Marine Corps is a relatively small and parochial organization. Numbering only 172,000, it is the smallest of the Nation's armed forces. It also epitomizes the warrior ethic, much to the consternation of the socialists present in our society today.

The Marine Corps is, and has been throughout its existence, an expeditionary force. Consequently it is task organized to land its forward deployed units worldwide. Because we are a naval force, the primary method of force projection is amphibious, and the forcible entry option into a non-permissive environment is powerful and decisive.

Within the Marine Corps exists a small group of highly trained and superbly competent Marines; those assigned to the Force Reconnaissance community. Relatively unknown outside of the Department of Defense (DOD), they neither seek nor suffer the publicity of others in this business.

I'll attempt to provide a small look into the world of Force Reconnaissance. The amount of information will require three separate articles. This first installment will be a brief overview of the history and organization of Force Reconnaissance and how it fits into the Marine Corps mission. The second will be concerned with selection and training, and finally the third will cover weapons and equipment used by these silent warriors. There is a fair amount of jargon and acronyms involved, which I have hopefully softened and explained without gentrifying the story.

History

Currently, the only stand alone Force Reconnaissance Company in the Marine Corps is 1st Force. The 2nd Recon Bn. (East Coast) and 3rd Recon Bn. (Okinawa) have a Force capability imbedded in their respective Reconnaissance Battalions. This may change (again) in the near future, but as of this time only 1st Force is capable of independent operations. Because of the different command relations that exist, this article is concerned primarily with 1st Force.

The Marine Forces Reserve have 3rd Force Recon in Mobile, AL, and 4th Force Recon in Honolulu, with a detachment in Reno, NV.

It's necessary to clarify the difference between Force and Division Reconnaissance.

The Reconnaissance Battalion supports the Division, and it provides tactical reconnaissance in the Distant Battle.

Force Reconnaissance supports the Marine Expeditionary Force (MEF), a Corps equivalent, and conducts Operational Level reconnaissance in the Deep Battle.

Force Reconnaissance had it genesis in Camp Pendelton in 1954 when a test unit was formed to evaluate methods of insertion for reconnaissance teams. These two platoons, (a Parachute Reconnaissance Platoon and a Pathfinder Platoon) were eventually combined with an existing Amphibious Reconnaissance Company to form 1st Force Reconnaissance Company in 1957.

In 1958, one half of the Company was transferred to the east coast to form the fledgling 2nd Force Reconnaissance Company. 1st Force was then a part of Force Troops, Fleet Marine Force Pacific (FMFPac) and supported both the 1st and 3rd Marine Divisions. 2nd Force was assigned to Force Troops, Fleet Marine Force Atlantic (FMFLant), and supported the 2nd Marine Division.

The early years were spent developing the doctrine and skills that bore fruit in the crucible of South East Asia.1 1st Force and 3rd Force2 went into the former Republic of Viet Nam in 1965, supporting 3rd Marine Amphibious Force in I Corps. During its five years in country, 1st Force ran over 2,200 reconnaissance patrols.

Forty-four Marines and Sailors of 1st Force were killed or remain Missing in Action during that conflict.

The Company was deactivated in 1974, as part of the post war draw down. The 1st Platoon was transferred to 1st Reconnaissance Bn. at that time, in order to retain a deep reconnaissance capability for 1st Marine Division.

The mixing of Force with Division Recon has never been entirely satisfactory, and the Company again stood up in 1986. 1st Force operated in Southwest Asia during desert Shield/ Storm, and has since deployed to multiple hot spots including East Timor last year.

Mission

The Company has two Mission Profiles- Deep Reconnaissance and Direct Action.

They conduct specialized terrain reconnaissance that includes hydrography, beaches, roads, bridges, routes, urban areas, helicopter landing zones (HLZ), airborne drop zones (DZ) and aircraft forward operating sites.

When task organized with other forces, equipment or personnel, they can assist in special engineer, Nuclear, Biological and Chemical (NBC), Radio, mobile or other reconnaissance operations.

Additionally, they can implant or recover sensors and beacons, conduct Initial Terminal Guidance for helicopters, landing craft and parachutists. As directed, they can designate and engage selected targets with Force fires, including terminal guidance of Precision Guided Munitions (PGM).

They can conduct post strike reconnaissance to determine and report damage to a specific target or area, or perform other operations as directed by higher command.

An example of this type of mission is the Personal Security Detail (PSD). Members of the Company are regularly tasked with providing protection to high-ranking military or civilian members in hostile areas. Generally a very high profile detail, the Marines of Force have the proper attitude and mindset to keep themselves and a principal alive in the bad neighborhoods of the third world.

Note that the Company is capable of conducting Direct Action missions inside the Deep Battle area when task organized with other elements-specifically a Reconnaissance and Surveillance (R&S) element, Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) technicians, Radio or Electronic warfare specialists and such.

The Company is equally capable of conducting reconnaissance or direct action missions on very short notice.

One task recently removed from Force was In- Extremis Hostage Rescue. (IHR). While USSOCOM Tier 1 assets (Combat Applications Group {CAG} and DevGrp) have primary cognizance of hostage recovery, it was recognized early on that when the bad guys were executing hostages right now, a capable forward-deployed unit could be useful.

Recently it was felt by some that the IHR mission requires too much training time to be proficient, and that time spent in training for DA missions would degrade the Deep Reconnaissance capability. To that end the Marine Corps no longer advertises the IHR mission. However, Maritime Interdiction Operations, GOPLAT, prisoner recovery etc. all require a high degree of proficiency in surgical shooting and CQB skills. The Marine Corps has wisely not lowered the shooting standards and while IHR may not now exist as a mission, the capability is still resident in the Company.

To accomplish the mission profiles, Force utilizes special insert/ extraction techniques. These include:

Motorized - Improved Fast Attack Vehicle (IFAV)

Amphibious - Submarine, Surface Combatant, Sub- Surface (Closed Circuit Mk-25 Drager) or SCUBA (Open Circuit), Over the Horizon (OTH) via the CCRC (Zodiac), Soft Duck/ Hard Duck

Air - Helo; fast rope, rappel, Special Patrol Insertion/ Extraction Rig (SPIE Rig); Parachute, including Low Level Static Line (LLSL), High Altitude High Opening (HAHO) up to 25,000', and High Altitude Low Opening (HALO) up to 35,000'.

Organization

To understand how Force Reconnaissance functions, we need to understand how it fits into current Marine Corps doctrine.

The Marine Corps is broken down into three Marine Expeditionary Forces (MEF), each consisting of a Marine Division, a Marine Air Wing, and a Force Service Support Group.

Various non-operational units exist to support the MEF and subordinate units. As with the subordinate MEU, a single commander is responsible for ground, aviation and support elements.

Forward deployed are the Marine Expeditionary Units (Special Operations Capable) {MEU (SOC)}. The MEU (SOC) is the smallest of the Corps Air/ Ground Task Forces, consisting of approximately 2100 Marines and sailors.

This has occurred on several occasions during the Viet Nam War, and more recently in the Gulf Conflict.

The MEU (SOC) is comprised of a Ground Combat Element (GCE), an Aviation Combat Element (ACE), a MEU Combat Service Support Group, and a Command Element (CE).

The GCE is the Battalion Landing Team (BLT), an infantry battalion reinforced with artillery, Amphibious Assault Vehicles (AAV's), Light Armored Reconnaissance assets, Tanks, Engineers and a Division Reconnaissance platoon.

The Aviation Combat Element (ACE) is a Marine Medium Helicopter Squadron (HMM) augmented into a composite squadron. It will usually consist of 12 CH-46's, 4 CH-53's, 3 UH-1N's, and 4 AH-1W Cobras. It may also have 6 AV-8B Harrier fixed wing aircraft attached.

The ACE also has an Air Control detachment, 6 Avenger Air Defense HMMV, and a Light Air Defense (LAD) Detachment assigned.

The MEU Service Support Group (MSSG) contains all of the specialists and equipment necessary to keep the GCE and the ACE functioning. This includes motor transport, mechanical, engineering, medical, dental, postal and other technical experts.

The Command Element provides the Command and Control for the three components of the MEU. In addition to the MEU Commander and his staff, a Radio Recon Bn. Detachment, an Intelligence Detachment, and a Force Recon platoon are included.

The MEU (SOC) is forward deployed on a three ship Amphibious Ready Group. (Usually an LHD or LHA, and an LPD and LSD). Generally speaking, and depending on sequencing, two or sometimes three MEU (SOC)'s are forward deployed around the world at any given time.

The MEU (SOC) is self sustaining and capable of executing an amphibious operation at night or under adverse weather conditions, by surface (in LCAC's and AAV's) or by air (in the embarked helicopter squadron) within six hours of receiving the execute order.

It can also launch amphibious raids, conduct NEO's, (Non Combat Evacuation Operation) reinforcement operations, security operations, or humanitarian operations. It can seize airfields or ports, and conduct Counter Intelligence and Signal Intelligence operations.

Though 1st Force is a Company, it is administered along the lines of a battalion.

There are approximately 200 Marines and Sailors in the Company. Leading the Company is the Company Headquarters consisting of the Commanding Officer (CO), a LtCol, the Executive Officer (XO), a Major, and a Sergeant Major.

Supporting the operational platoons is the S1 (Administrative) Shop; the S2 (Intelligence) Section; the S3 (Operations); and the S4 (Logistics and Supply); and the S6 (Communications) Shop.

Under the cognizance of the S3 is the indispensable Training Cell and the Paraloft. The S4 Shop has control of the Dive and Amphibious Lockers, the Motor Transport Section, and the Armory.

The Company has medical and dive personnel assigned from the Navy. While Corpsmen have always been held in high regard by Marines (and for obvious reasons), those Corpsmen assigned to Force Recon are definitely a breed apart. These Special Amphibious Reconnaissance Corpsman go through all of the training that the Marines in Force go through, plus their own advanced Combat Trauma Training. When assigned to the platoons, they are shooters first and foremost, and indistinguishable from their green brothers.

Though the Table of Organization is for six operational platoons, only five are actually funded.

The Operational platoons are staffed with a platoon headquarters consisting of a Platoon Commander (usually a Captain), a platoon sergeant (usually a Staff Sergeant or Gunnery Sergeant), Platoon Radio Operator (normally a Staff Sergeant or Gunnery Sergeant), a Navy Special Amphibious Reconnaissance Corpsman, and a platoon Equipment NCO (Rigger/ Armorer).

There are three, six man teams in the platoon. Each Team consists of a Team Leader (SSgt), an Assistant Team Leader (SSgt/ Sgt), a Radio Operator, and three Reconnaissance Scouts.

The six-man team concept reflects real world experience. The Company formerly fielded 4 man teams but there were a number of issues that impacted negatively on the Marines. Consider that they must jump, dive, or walk in with all the gear necessary to complete the mission. The new surveillance and communications gear is lighter, stronger and more efficient than what it replaces, but there is more of it. Less then six cannot carry the equipment necessary for Deep Reconnaissance missions. Equally important is what the team does with a friendly casualty. Unless a 4-man team was willing to cache all of its equipment, they would not be able to carry a casualty out.

In Deep Reconnaissance, survival is based on stealth, and stealth is a by-product of alertness. A 4-man team does not have the numbers to provide an adequate rest cycle while maintaining proper security.

Though a Deep Reconnaissance mission requires that the team not be compromised, the reality of life is that they may. When that happens, the rules change. Because they are in the deep battle area, they cannot count on artillery support, and CAS and the extract birds may be a long time coming. They must be able to shoot, move and communicate, but unlike a Grunt, they are operating in a friendly vacuum. The 4 man team simply does not have enough guns to work as two elements.

The 6 man team also provides the numbers necessary to perform a Direct Action mission. Remember that these missions will take place in a non-permissive (or at best, a semi-permissive) environment. The smaller teams are just an invitation for failed missions and higher casualties.

On the other side of the coin, increasing the team drastically increases the chance of detection. More than 6 and the patrol becomes too unwieldy for clandestine operations.

6 man teams are a compromise, and it is the best available solution.

For Direct Action missions, the platoon is configured into a single unit, and task organized with Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) technicians, a Reconnaissance and Surveillance (R&S) section (drawn from the BLT Scout/ Sniper Platoon), and a Security Element (also drawn from the BLT) as well as other mission related personnel.

You may note that the rank structure is significantly more senior then in conventional forces. This accurately reflects the length of time one spends in training before he can get into a platoon, and is commensurate with the maturity and responsibility of these Marines. Considering the amount of sophisticated surveillance and communication gear available to the platoon, the training required to operate and maintain it, and what it is they actually do, any issues about rank become amazingly inconsequential.

The Force Reconnaissance Company is the personal eyes and ears of the MEF Commander - a three star Corps level equivalent. They provide him with real time information in the Deep Battle area not available by other means.

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