约翰·斯诺

英国麻醉学家、流行病专家

John Snow约翰·斯诺（1813-1858），英国麻醉学家、流行病学家，被认为是麻醉医学和公共卫生医学的开拓者。首次提出预防霍乱的措施，对1854年伦敦西部西敏市苏活区霍乱爆发的研究被认为是流行病学研究的先驱。

人物简介

斯诺1813年3月15日生于英国约克，1858年6月16日卒于伦敦。1827年当外科医生的学徒。1836年起，在伦敦威斯敏斯特医院学习。1843年获伦敦大学学士学位，次年获博士学位。曾为维多利亚女王的私人医生。

1846年，乙醚作为一种麻醉剂引入时，他立刻进行实验并基于生理原理为这种药物的临床使用发明了相应的装置，临床演示成功后得到推广应用。他成为英国最早的麻醉师。1847年J.Y.辛普森建议应用氯仿作为麻醉药后，斯诺为其使用研制了新设备。

斯诺从1831年从事医学活动起就注意对霍乱的调查研究。1854年，伦敦霍乱流行。当时,许多医生相信霍乱和天花是由“瘴气”或从污水及其他不卫生的东西中产生的有害物所引起的。而斯诺通过调查证明霍乱由被粪便污染的水传播，他认为霍乱是由一种能繁殖的由水传播的活细胞所致。他提供了一份流行病学文件，证明了霍乱的流行来源于百老大街（Broad Street）的水泵。他推荐几种实用的预防措施，如清洗肮脏的衣被，洗手和将水烧开饮用等，效果良好。

人物著作

约翰·斯诺的代表著作有:《论乙醚》、《论氯仿》、《论霍乱的传染方式》等。

人物成就

1844年斯诺获伦敦大学博士学位。1846年后，他积极推进了麻醉剂乙醚和氯仿的临床使用。1854年，伦敦霍乱流行，斯诺通过研究霍乱死者的日常生活情况，寻找到他们的共同行为模式，发现了霍乱与饮用不洁水的关系。在他的呼吁下，政府及时关闭了不洁水源，有效制止了霍乱的流行。他还推荐了几种实用的预防措施，如清洗肮脏的衣被，洗手和将水烧开饮用等，效果良好。虽然约翰·斯诺没有发现导致霍乱的病原体，但他创造性地使用空间统计学查找到传染源，并以此证明了这种方法的价值。今天，绘制地图已成为医学地理学及传染学中一项基本的研究方法。”斯诺的霍乱地图“成为一个经典案例。

课文

高中教材人教版必修5 unit1（第一单元）教材　原文

John Snow defeats “king cholera”

John Snow was a famous doctor in London-so expert,indeed,that he attended Queen Victoria as her personal physician.But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera.This was the deadly disease of its day.Neither its cause nor its cure was understood.So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak.John Snow wanted to face the challenge and solve this problem.He knew that cholera would never be controlled until its cause was found.

He became interested in two theories that possibly explained how cholera killed people.The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air.A cloud of dangerous gas floated around until it found its victims.The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals.From the stomach the disease quickly attacked the body and soon the affected person died.

John Snow suspected that the second theory was correct but he needed evidence.So when another outbreak hit London in 1854,he was ready to begin his enquiry.As the disease spread quickly through poor neighbourhoods,he began to gather information.In two particular streets,the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days. He was determined to find out why.

First he marked on a map the exact places where all the dead people had lived. This gave him a valuable clue about the cause of the disease.Many of the deaths were near the water pump in Broad Street(especially numbers 16,37,38and40).He also noticed that some houses(such as 20 and 21 Broad Street and 8and 9 Cambridge Street)had had no deaths.He had not foreseen this,so he made further investigations.He discovered that these people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street.They had been given free beer and so had not drunk the water from the pump.It seemed that the water was to blame.

Next,John Snow looked into the source of the water for these two streets.He found that it came from the river polluted by the dirty water from London.He immediately told the astonished people in Broad Street to remove the handle from the pump so that it could not be used.Soon afterwards the disease slowed down.He had shown that cholera was spread by germs and not in a cloud of gas.

In another part of London,he found supporting evidence from two other deaths that were linked to the Broad Street outbreak.A woman,who had moved away from Broad Street,liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day. Both she and her daughter died of cholera after drinking the water.With this extra evidence John Snow was able to announce with certainty that polluted water carried the virus.

翻译

约翰·斯诺击败“霍乱王”

约翰·斯诺是伦敦一位著名的医生——他的确医术精湛，因而成为照料维多利亚女王的私人医生。但他一想到要帮助那些得了霍乱的普通百姓时，他就感到很振奋。霍乱在当时是最致命的疾病，人们既不知道它的病源，也不了解它的治疗方法。每次霍乱暴发时，就有大批惊恐的老百姓死去。约翰·斯洛想面对这个挑战，解决这个问题。他知道，在找到病源之前，霍乱疫情是无法控制的。

他（约翰·斯诺）对霍乱致人死地的两种推测都很感兴趣。第一种看法是霍乱病毒在空气中繁殖着，像一股危险的气体到处漂浮，直到找到病毒的受害者为止。第二种看法是人们在吃饭的时候把这种病毒引入体内的。病从胃里发作而迅速殃及全身，患者就会很快地死去。

约翰·斯诺推测第二种说法是正确的，但他需要证据。因此，在1854年伦敦再次暴发霍乱的时候，约翰·斯洛着手准备对此进行调研。当霍乱在贫民区迅速蔓延的时候，约翰·斯诺就开始收集资料。他发现特别在两条街道上霍乱流行的很严重，在10天之内就死去了500多人。他决心要查明其原因。

首先，他在一张地图上标明了所有死者住过的地方。这提供了一条说明霍乱起因的很有价值的线索。许多死者是住在宽街的水泵附近（特别是这条街上16、37、38、40号）。他还发现有些住宅（如宽街上20号和21号以及剑桥大街上的8号和9号）却无人死亡。他以前没预料到这种情况，所以他决定深入调查。他发现，这些人都在剑桥街7号的酒馆里打工，而酒馆为他们免费提供啤酒喝，因此他们没有喝从宽街水泵抽上来的水。看来水是罪魁祸首。

接下来，约翰·斯诺调查了这两条街的水源情况。他发现，水是从河里来的，而河水被伦敦排出的脏水污染了。他马上叫宽街上惊慌失措的老百姓拆掉水泵的把手。这样，水泵就用不成了。不久，疫情就开始得到缓解。他证明了霍乱是由病菌而不是由气团传播的。

在伦敦的另一个地区，他从两个与宽街暴发的霍乱有关联的死亡病例中发现了有力的证据。有一位妇女是从宽街搬过来的，她特别喜欢那里的水，每天都要派人从水泵打水运到家里来。她和她的女儿喝了这种水后，都得了霍乱而死去。有了这个额外的证据，约翰·斯洛就能够肯定地宣布，这种被污染了的水携带着病菌。

为了防止这种情况的再度发生，约翰·斯诺建议所有水源都要经过检测。自来水公司也接到指令，不能再让人们接触被污染的水了。最终，“霍乱王”被击败了。

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